在线短租亟需建立信用机制　身份验证财产安全成痛点

将空置的房屋信息发到网上，短期出租给他人，看似是轻松的赚钱生意，实际上却暗藏法律风险。据上观新闻报道，近日，上海市松江公安分局中山派出所民警在工作中发现，位于松江区某广场商务楼内，部分商户以酒店式公寓的名义，在携程、美团、艺龙等网站上发布了招租信息，但其实际经营业态为“宾旅馆业”。最后，两间公寓被查处，两名房东也被公安部门依法行政拘留。

近几年来旅游业不断升温，标准的传统酒店无论从数量上，还是个性化上已经无法满足日益庞大的市场需求，在这种情况下，短租行业应运而生。但与该行业相伴而生的，还有其身份、监管等问题，目前这些问题仍是悬在该行业头顶上的一把利剑。

公寓改短租被行政拘留

法治周末记者从上海市松江公安分局确认了上述情况，据介绍，两名房东违反了治安管理处罚法第五十四条第一款第三项之规定：“未经许可，擅自经营按照国家规定需要由公安机关许可的行业。”

“目前为止，宾旅馆业仍然属于特许经营行业，需要取得相关资质。”全国律师协会会员、北京市京师律师事务所高级合伙人王琮玮告诉法治周末记者，在上述情况中，房东涉及短租多套房屋，本质上就是在经营一家宾馆，警方的认定和处罚是没有问题的。　但也有观点认为，上述情况中的短租更像是民宿或者农家乐，因此不能认定房东在非法经营宾馆。

对此，北京市盈科律师事务所高级合伙人朱瑞雷表示，上述情况中的短租房与“农家乐”不同，根据住房城乡建设部、公安部、国家旅游局2017年2月27日发布的关于印发《农家乐(民宿)建筑防火导则(试行)》通知中第二条规定：“农家乐(民宿)是指位于镇(不包括城关镇)、乡、村庄的，利用村民自建住宅进行改造的，为消费者提供住宿、餐饮、休闲娱乐、小型零售等服务的场所。”朱瑞雷指出，农家乐是有限定条件的，不能跟短租混为一谈，二者有本质的区别。

实际上，房东因将房屋短租而被警方行政处罚或拘留并非首次。早在2015年，蚂蚁短租平台上的一位房东就被警方行政拘留;2016年，杭州警方对媒体确认当地一名房东因为将房屋短租而被行政拘留;此外，广州等地警方也曾对短租房进行过严管。

行业安全标准将出台

值得注意的是，各地对于短租行业的态度有很大差别。在某些地区大力打击短租行业的同时，另一些地区却又以各种形式鼓励着短租行业的发展。例如，短租平台之一的爱彼迎(Airbnb的中文名称)便曾与深圳市以及重庆市等地的地方政府签订战略合作备忘录。

上海社会科学院城市与人口发展研究所研究员、城市战略与规划研究室主任邓智团接受媒体采访时表示，之所以出现这种情况，正是因为法律法规没有对短租作出明确的规定，因此政府在操作时拥有了极大的弹性。他还指出，虽然松紧不一的态度很难评论孰对孰错，但法律法规和政策上的空白并不宜长期存在。

但王琮玮表示，短租业并非处在法律监管的模糊地带，“因为无论是长租还是短租都属于合同法、物权法等法律调整的范围”。王琮玮指出，根据物权法第三十九条规定，所有权人对自己的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利;合同法相关规定，租赁期限六个月以上的，应当采用书面形式。当事人未采用书面形式的，视为不定期租赁。王琮玮认为，短租实际上可以视为不定期租赁，所以短租的行为本身是受法律调整的，而宾旅馆业受特定法律调整，需取得公安机关的《特种行业经营许可证》，消防部门的《消防检查合格证》，以及卫生部门的《卫生许可证》等，跟短租是两种不同的业态;之所以在实际情况中，二者的界限经常模糊，是因为短租涉及三方面的法律问题还未厘清——短租行为、短租主体、短租对象。

王琮玮向法治周末记者透露，公安部正在研究制订关于短租房的行业公共安全标准(以下简称“行业标准”)，她自己也参与了研究制定的工作，行业标准中就涉及到了上述问题。

“短租行为，可以理解为不定期租赁的一种;短租主体，也就是谁可以将房子进行短租，我认为房屋所有权人，以及经所有权人授权的使用权人，其他合法的公民或企业都可以成为短租的主体。”王琮玮说。而王琮玮表示，关于短租对象，也就是什么样的房屋可以拿来进行短租，还没有明确规定，“我们在标准里界定其为单个房间或整套房屋，与受特定法律调整的宾馆酒店业相区分的房屋”。但她也指出，目前行业标准还处在起草阶段，这几个问题也还在研究讨论中，因此不便于进一步阐释或讨论。

身份验证财产保障成难点

随着互联网技术的快速发展，目前大部分短租业务都通过在线短租平台来进行。通过平台，房东可以发布空置房屋的信息和价格，拥有短期居住需求的租客可以浏览房屋，与房东沟通并实现租住交易。

近两年，在线短租平台的业务迎来了井喷式增长。根据公开资料，蚂蚁短租在2016年年底就已突破30万套，而小猪短租也在今年6月宣称房源数量超过20万套，爱彼迎中国约有8万个房源，已累计有160万境内外旅客入住国内房源。但随着时间的发展，在线短租平台房客的身份验证、房屋的财产安全两大问题开始凸显。

近日，小猪短租平台上一房主将房子短租出去一天后，隔日就发现床架断裂、空调烧坏、地板有多处被烟头烫伤的痕迹，甚至从床底找到了疑似吸毒工具，当地警方也已经介入调查此事.　一时间，短租房客的身份验证问题成为业内关注的问题。

记者了解发现，目前短租平台对房客的身份验证往往通过实名制、手机号注册的手段来进行，如爱彼迎、自如、小猪短租等。小猪短租的相关负责人告诉法治周末记者，除了实名制认证，平台还鼓励房东使用小猪APP在客人入住时扫描其身份证以验证入住人身份信息;此外，小猪与芝麻信用合作，通过第三方信用平台量化交易双方的信用历史。王琮玮表示，短租平台多通过用户填写的手机号进行形式上的实名认证，但还没有接入公安部门的身份证信息系统，对用户进行全面实名认证。

据悉，长租和旅馆业是同公安部门的身份证信息系统进行对接的，便于公安部门掌握流动人口信息和治安管理。而一些在线短租平台也希望能够参照酒店旅馆，接入该系统，不过进展并不顺利。

“事实上，实名认证与不良租户个人的违法甚至犯罪行为并没有必然的因果关系，只是在发生这样的事件之后，会使房主维权或公安机关执法时，因为无法及时明确致害主体而造成维权或执法障碍。”王琮玮指出。

除了身份验证，房东的房屋财产如何保障也成为所有房东关注的重点。

记者注意到，在这种情况下，在线短租平台往往会引入保险机制，如小猪短租于2013年就推出了《个人房东财产保障暂行方案》。

对于上文提到的“武汉房东受损”一事，小猪短租表示，房东的相关财产损失，将由小猪联合众安保险提供的《家庭财产综合保险》进行赔付，赔付处理正在进行中。

“当然这些都是事后的补救措施，都无法从根本上杜绝违法甚至犯罪行为的发生。”王琮玮指出。

信用机制亟待建立

针对在线短租业态中的一些不诚信现象，小猪短租的相关负责人指出，目前，互联网短租平台遇到的最大问题，是没有办法对一些公共数据进行共享。

“未来需建立公共数据的开发共享渠道。公民犯罪记录以及金融信用信息等均有待数据共享，以备平台建立预警机制。”上述负责人表示。

互联网行业自媒体人郝若桃则指出，短租业之所以不时被曝出房客损毁房屋、图文不符、房间设施不够完善等诸多问题，主要原因还在于信用体系不完善。

“爱彼迎之所以能在欧美国家做的风生水起，主要是由于这些国家信用体系完善，使得人们能够有序行事。”郝若桃指出，通过一个信用体系构建起短租的信用度是极为必要的，但难点就在于国内信用体系的不健全，而要解决这个问题则需要很长的周期。

朱瑞雷也表示，面对诚信缺失的问题，社会信用体系的建设对于房东和租客而言都尤为重要，企业在运营中应该利用各种手段建立信用系统;这样对于租客而言，可以选择信用等级高的商家，更有安全感;对于房东可也较好的了解租客的信用状况，可以更好地作出经营上的安排。

Will be vacant housing information sent online, short-term rental to others, seems to be easy money making business, but actually hidden legal risks. According to the concept of news reports, recently, Shanghai City, Songjiang Zhongshan Public Security Bureau police station found in the work, is located in the Songjiang District Plaza business building, part of the business in the name of the hotel style apartments, Ctrip, eLong, the U.S. group released on the website for information, but the actual operation is “ the hotel industry. ”. Finally, two apartments were investigated, and two landlords were also detained by the public security organs in accordance with the law.

In recent years, the tourism industry has been heating up. The standard Tradition Hotel has not been able to meet the growing market demand, either in quantity or in personality. In this case, the short rental industry came into being. But with the industry, as well as its identity, supervision and other issues, these issues are still hanging in the industry on top of a sword.

Apartment short rent by administrative detention

Law Weekend reporter from the Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau in Songjiang confirmed the above, according to reports, two landlords in violation of Public Security Administration Punishment Law fifty-fourth provisions of the third paragraph: “ unauthorized, unauthorized operating in accordance with state regulations required by the public security organs permission industry. ”

&ldquo so far, the hotel industry still belongs to the franchising industry and needs to obtain relevant qualifications. ” member of National Lawyers Association of Beijing City, the law firm senior partner Wang Congwei told reporters the weekend rule, in this case, the landlord to rent more houses, is essentially in the operation of a hotel, the identification and punishment of police is no problem. But also with a view of the situation in the short term is more like a hostel or farmhouse, we can not say the landlord in the illegal business hotel.

In this regard, Beijing Yingke Law Firm senior partner Zhu Ruilei said, with the short rent &ldquo in the farmhouse; ” different, according to the Ministry of housing and urban construction, the Ministry of public security, the National Tourism Bureau February 27, 2017 issued on the issuance of "Nongjiale (B & B) building fire prevention guidelines (Trial)" second notice provisions: &ldquo (B & B); the farmhouse is located in the town (excluding county towns), township, village, the villagers built residential renovation, accommodation, catering, leisure and entertainment for consumers, small retail and other service establishments. ” Zhu Ruilei pointed out that farmhouse is limited, and can not be confused with the short rent, the two are essentially different.

In fact, the landlord for short rental housing by the police administrative punishment or detention is not the first time. In early 2015, ants short rent a landlord on the platform was the police administrative detention; in 2016, the Hangzhou police confirmed to the media of a local landlord because of the short rental housing and administrative detention; in addition, Guangzhou police also had short rent too strict.

Industry safety standards will be introduced

It is worth noting that the attitude of the short rent industry varies greatly. While cracking down on short rental industries in some areas, other areas have encouraged the development of short rental industries in various ways. For example, Audemars Pigeut, one of the short rental platforms (Airbnb's Chinese name), has signed strategic cooperation memoranda with local governments in Shenzhen, Chongqing and other places.

Shanghai City Academy of Social Sciences researcher, research director of the city and the population development strategy and Planning Institute Deng Zhituan interview, the reason why this happens, it is because of the laws and regulations did not make clear provisions on the short term, so the government has great flexibility in operation. He also pointed out that although it is difficult to comment on what is right or wrong, the gap in laws, regulations and policies should not exist for a long time.

But Wang Congwei said, short rental industry is not in the fuzzy areas of legal supervision, &ldquo, because whether it is long rent or short rent, belong to the contract law, property law and other legal adjustment ”. Wang Congwei pointed out that according to law the provisions of article thirty-ninth, the owner of a realty or chattel, possession, use, benefits and the right to dispose of according to law; the relevant provisions of contract law, the lease period of six months or more, shall be made in written form. If the parties do not use the written form, they shall be regarded as non scheduled leases. Wang Congwei believes that the short term actually can be regarded as a non term lease, so short rent behavior itself is adjusted by the law, and the hotels industry specific legal adjustment is required to obtain the public security organs of the "special trade license", "fire fire department inspection certificate", and the Department of health "health permit card", with short rent is two different formats; the reason in the actual situation, the two boundaries are often vague, because short rent legal issues involving three aspects is not clear — — short rent short rent short rent, subject and object.

Wang Congwei to rule the weekend, told reporters that the Ministry of public security is to develop on short rental industry public safety standards (hereinafter referred to as the industry standard “ ”), she also participated in the research work, industry standards related to the above problems.

“ short term behavior can be understood as a non term lease; rent short subject, who can be a house for rent short, I think the owner of the house, and authorized by the owner's right to use other people, citizens or enterprises can become the main body of the short rent. "&rdquo," said Wang Congwei. And Wang Congwei said, a short rental object is what kind of houses can be used for short rent, is not specified, “ we define it as a single room or a set of houses in the standard, and distinguished by a special legal adjustment of Gaestgiveriet Hotel industry housing ”. But she also pointed out that the current industry standards are still in the drafting stage, and these issues are still under discussion, so it is not convenient for further explanation or discussion.

Authentication property protection difficult

With the rapid development of Internet technology, most of the short rental business is carried out through the online short rental platform. Through the platform, the landlord can publish vacant housing information and prices, short-term housing needs of tenants can browse the house, communicate with the landlord and achieve rental transactions.

The past two years, online short rental platform business ushered in a blowout growth. According to public information, the ants short rent at the end of 2016 has exceeded 300 thousand units, while the pig short rent in June of this year that the number of houses more than 200 thousand sets of Audemars Pigeut China about 80 thousand houses, there have been a total of 1 million 600 thousand domestic and foreign travelers domestic listings. But with the development of time, online short rental platform tenants authentication, housing property safety two major issues began to highlight.

Recently, the pig short rent a house platform homeowners short rent out a day later, the next day you find fault, air conditioning, burn the floor frame with multiple cigarette burn, even from the bed and found a suspected drug tools, the local police have been involved in investigating the matter. For a time, short rent tenants become the problem of identity verification the industry concerns.

Reporters found that, at present, the short rental platform on the identity of the tenant is often through the real name system, mobile phone number registration means to carry out, such as Audemars Pigeut welcome, easy, short piggy rental. The pig short rent official told reporters the weekend rule, in addition to real name authentication platform, also encourages the landlord to scan their identity in the guest to verify the identity information using APP pigs in the pig; in addition, in cooperation with the sesame credit, through the third party platform of credit amount on both sides of trade credit history. Wang Congwei said, short rental platform through the user to fill in the mobile phone number in the form of real name authentication, but has not yet access to the public security department identity card information system, the user carries out a comprehensive real name authentication.

It is reported that the long rental and hotel industry is with the public security department identity card information system docking, to facilitate the public security departments to master the flow of population information and public security management. And some online short rental platform also want to be able to refer to hotels, hotels, access to the system, but progress is not smooth.

“ in fact, and there is no causal relationship between the real name authentication and bad tenants personal illegal and even criminal behavior, just after the occurrence of such events, will make the owner rights or law enforcement of public security organs, because not timely clear the damage caused by the body caused by the rights or law enforcement obstacles. &rdquo, Wang Congwei points out.

In addition to authentication, the landlord's housing property protection has become the focus of attention of all landlords.

Reporters noted that in this case, the online short rental platform is often introduced insurance mechanism, such as piggy short rent in 2013, launched the "personal landlord property security interim plan.".

As mentioned above “ Wuhan &rdquo incident, the landlord is damaged; the pig short rent, the landlord will be related to property damage, by the pig joint public safety insurance provides "family property" comprehensive insurance payment, payment processing is underway.

“ of course, these are remedial measures after the event, can not fundamentally eliminate illegal or even criminal acts. &rdquo, Wang Congwei points out.

Credit mechanism should be established urgently

For online short rental formats in some of the "bad faith" phenomenon, the short pig rental relevant responsible person pointed out that, at present, the Internet short rental platform encountered the biggest problem is that there is no way to share some public data.

“ future development needs to establish public data sharing channels. Records of citizens' crimes and financial credit information need to be shared with each other so as to provide an early warning mechanism for the platform. &rdquo, the person in charge said.

The Internet industry since the media people Hao Ruotao pointed out that the short rental industry is punctuated by many problems exposed tenants damaged houses, graphic inconsistent room facilities is not perfect, the main reason is that the credit system is not perfect.

&ldquo: Audemars Pigeut has been able to do so in Europe and America, mainly because of the integrity of these national credit systems, so that people can act in an orderly manner. &rdquo, Hao Ruotao pointed out that it is necessary to build a short credit system through a credit system, but the difficulty lies in the unsound domestic credit system, and it will take a long time to solve this problem.

Zhu Ruilei also said that in the face of the problem of lack of credibility, the construction of social credit system is very important for the landlord and the tenant, the enterprises should establish credit system by various means in operation; so for tenants, can choose a high credit rating business, more a sense of security; for the landlord can better understand the tenant's credit status that can better make business arrangements.